Peru Guide Article Summary :
- Topic: Peru country overview and comprehensive travel guide
- Geographic Focus: Republic of Peru, South America (Pacific coast, Andes, Amazon)
- Key Entities: Peru, Lima, Machu Picchu, Cusco, Inca civilization, Peruvian culture, Amazon rainforest
- Content Type: Comprehensive country guide and travel resource
- Target Audience: International travelers, cultural tourists, adventure seekers, students, researchers
- Updated: 2025
What is Peru? Understanding the Country
Peru (Spanish: Perú; Quechua: Piruw; Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (República del Perú), is a country in western South America bordered by Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and the Pacific Ocean. Peru is the third-largest country in South America and one of the world’s most biodiverse nations, featuring coastal deserts, the Andes Mountains, and Amazon rainforest ecosystems.
Key Definition: Peru is renowned for being home to Machu Picchu, the ancient Inca citadel and one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. The country represents the cradle of the Inca Empire, one of history’s most sophisticated pre-Columbian civilizations, and today offers travelers unparalleled archaeological sites, world-class gastronomy, diverse landscapes, and vibrant indigenous culture.
Peru Quick Facts
Essential Information:
- Official Name: Republic of Peru (República del Perú)
- Capital: Lima
- Population: 33.7 million (2024 estimate)
- Area: 1,285,216 km² (496,225 sq mi) – 19th largest country globally
- Official Languages: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
- Currency: Peruvian Sol (PEN) – symbol: S/
- Government: Presidential republic
- President: Dina Boluarte (as of 2025)
- Independence: July 28, 1821 (from Spain)
- Time Zone: PET (UTC-5) – no daylight saving time
Geographic Highlights:
- Coastline: 2,414 km (1,500 mi) Pacific Ocean
- Highest Peak: Huascarán – 6,768 m (22,205 ft)
- Major River: Amazon River (originates in Peru)
- Lake Titicaca: World’s highest navigable lake (shared with Bolivia)
- Amazon Rainforest: 60% of Peru’s territory
Cultural Recognition:
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites: 13 sites (including Machu Picchu, Cusco, Lima)
- Culinary Capital: Lima ranked among world’s best food cities
- Biodiversity Hotspot: One of world’s 17 megadiverse countries
- Cultural Diversity: 70+ indigenous ethnic groups
- Languages: 47 indigenous languages spoken
Tourism Statistics:
- Annual Visitors: 4+ million international tourists (2024)
- Top Attraction: Machu Picchu (1.5 million annual visitors)
- Economic Impact: Tourism represents 3.9% of Peru’s GDP
- Growth: One of South America’s fastest-growing tourism destinations
Peru Geography and Regions
Three Geographic Regions
Peru’s territory divides into three distinct geographic zones, each with unique climate, landscape, ecosystems, and culture.
1. Costa (Coastal Region)
Description: Narrow desert strip running 2,414 kilometers along Pacific coast, one of world’s driest deserts.
Characteristics:
- Width: 10-180 kilometers (varies)
- Climate: Arid desert, minimal rainfall
- Temperature: 15-28°C (59-82°F) year-round
- Population: 52% of Peruvians (most urbanized region)
- Major Cities: Lima (capital), Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Ica
Geographic Features:
- Humboldt Current: Cold ocean current creates desert conditions
- Coastal Desert: Atacama Desert extension (one of driest on Earth)
- River Valleys: 52 rivers create fertile oases
- Beaches: Pacific coastline with surfing destinations
- Marine Life: Rich fishing grounds (anchovies, sardines)
Economic Activities:
- Fishing industry (Peru is major seafood exporter)
- Agriculture in river valleys (asparagus, grapes, cotton)
- Urban commerce and services
- Tourism (beaches, colonial cities, archaeological sites)
Tourist Attractions:
- Lima: Capital city, culinary capital, colonial architecture
- Paracas National Reserve: Marine wildlife, desert landscapes
- Nazca Lines: Ancient geoglyphs (UNESCO World Heritage)
- Huacachina: Desert oasis with sand dunes
- Mancora: Beach resort, surfing destination
- Chan Chan: Largest adobe city (near Trujillo)
2. Sierra (Andean Highlands)
Description: Andes Mountains running north-south through Peru’s center, featuring dramatic peaks, high plateaus, and deep valleys.
Characteristics:
- Elevation: 2,000-6,768 meters (6,560-22,205 feet)
- Climate: Varies by altitude, cold at high elevations
- Temperature:
- Day: 15-20°C (59-68°F)
- Night: -5 to 5°C (23-41°F) at high altitude
- Population: 32% of Peruvians (indigenous communities)
- Major Cities: Cusco, Arequipa, Huancayo, Ayacucho, Cajamarca
Geographic Features:
- Mountain Ranges: Cordillera Blanca (glaciers), Cordillera Negra
- Highest Peaks: Huascarán (6,768m), Yerupajá (6,634m)
- Volcanoes: El Misti, Ubinas, Sabancaya (active)
- Lake Titicaca: World’s highest navigable lake (3,812m)
- Sacred Valley: Urubamba River valley near Cusco
- Deep Canyons: Colca Canyon (twice as deep as Grand Canyon)
Economic Activities:
- Mining (copper, gold, silver, zinc)
- Agriculture (potatoes, quinoa, corn, livestock)
- Tourism (Machu Picchu, Inca sites, trekking)
- Textile production (alpaca wool)
Tourist Attractions:
- Machu Picchu: Iconic Inca citadel (UNESCO World Heritage)
- Cusco: Former Inca capital, colonial architecture
- Sacred Valley: Ollantaytambo, Pisac, Moray ruins
- Lake Titicaca: Floating Uros Islands, Taquile Island
- Colca Canyon: Condor viewing, deep canyon trekking
- Arequipa: « White City, » colonial architecture, volcanic backdrop
- Rainbow Mountain: Vinicunca, colorful mineral mountain
- Huaraz: Trekking base, Cordillera Blanca access
3. Selva (Amazon Jungle)
Description: Amazon rainforest covering 60% of Peru’s territory (eastern lowlands), part of world’s largest tropical rainforest.
Characteristics:
- Elevation: 80-800 meters (260-2,625 feet)
- Climate: Tropical rainforest, hot and humid
- Temperature: 25-30°C (77-86°F) year-round
- Rainfall: 2,000-3,000mm (79-118 inches) annually
- Population: 16% of Peruvians (scattered, indigenous communities)
- Major Cities: Iquitos, Pucallpa, Tarapoto, Puerto Maldonado
Geographic Features:
- Amazon River: Originates in Peruvian Andes
- Tributaries: Ucayali, Marañón, Huallaga rivers
- Rainforest: Dense jungle, incredible biodiversity
- Manu National Park: UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
- Tambopata National Reserve: Wildlife viewing
Biodiversity: Peru’s Amazon contains:
- 1,800+ bird species (10% of world’s birds)
- 500+ mammal species (jaguars, sloths, monkeys)
- 300+ reptile species (anacondas, caimans)
- 50,000+ plant species
- Undiscovered species: New species found regularly
Economic Activities:
- Logging (regulated)
- Oil and gas extraction
- Agriculture (coffee, cacao, tropical fruits)
- Ecotourism
- Traditional subsistence farming
Tourist Attractions:
- Iquitos: Amazon gateway city, accessible only by air/river
- Amazon River Cruises: Multi-day jungle exploration
- Manu National Park: Pristine rainforest, wildlife
- Tambopata Reserve: Macaw clay licks, jungle lodges
- Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve: « Jungle of Mirrors »
- Indigenous Communities: Cultural immersion experiences
Peru History: From Ancient Civilizations to Modern Nation
Pre-Columbian Era (10,000 BCE – 1532 CE)
Early Civilizations (10,000 BCE – 1500 BCE)
Caral-Supe Civilization (3000-1800 BCE):
- Oldest known civilization in Americas
- Contemporary with Egyptian pyramids
- Norte Chico region (north of Lima)
- Advanced urban planning, architecture
- No evidence of warfare (peaceful society)
Chavín Culture (900-200 BCE):
- First major pan-Andean cultural horizon
- Sophisticated art, religious iconography
- Chavín de Huántar temple complex
- Influence spread across northern Peru
Regional Kingdoms (200 BCE – 1400 CE)
Moche Culture (100-700 CE):
- North coast (Trujillo region)
- Advanced irrigation systems
- Sophisticated ceramics and metalwork
- Pyramids: Huaca de la Luna, Huaca del Sol
- Elaborate tombs (Lord of Sipán)
Nazca Culture (200 BCE – 600 CE):
- South coast
- Famous for Nazca Lines (giant geoglyphs)
- Advanced textile production
- Sophisticated irrigation in desert
Wari Empire (600-1000 CE):
- First true Andean empire
- Capital near Ayacucho
- Road network predecessors to Inca roads
- Administrative centers across highlands
- Influenced later Inca organization
Chimú Empire (900-1470 CE):
- North coast empire
- Capital: Chan Chan (world’s largest adobe city)
- Conquered by Incas in 1470
- Advanced metalworking (gold, silver)
Inca Empire (1438-1533 CE)
Foundation and Expansion:
- Founded: Cusco valley around 1200 CE
- Rapid Expansion: 1438-1533 CE under Pachacuti and successors
- Peak: Largest empire in pre-Columbian Americas
- Territory: 2 million km² (modern Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, parts of Chile, Argentina, Colombia)
- Population: 10-12 million people
- Name: Tawantinsuyu (« Four Regions Together »)
Key Inca Emperors:
Pachacuti (1438-1471):
- Ninth Sapa Inca
- Transformed Cusco kingdom into empire
- Built Machu Picchu
- Reorganized state administration
- Expanded territory dramatically
Túpac Inca Yupanqui (1471-1493):
- Pachacuti’s son
- Continued expansion north and south
- Consolidated empire administration
Huayna Cápac (1493-1527):
- Extended empire to maximum extent
- Died of smallpox (European disease arrived before Spanish)
- Succession crisis between sons Huáscar and Atahualpa
Inca Achievements:
Engineering:
- Qhapaq Ñan: 40,000 km road network across mountains
- Stone Architecture: Precise ashlar masonry without mortar
- Agricultural Terraces: Andenes for farming steep slopes
- Suspension Bridges: Rope bridges spanning gorges
- Hydraulic Systems: Sophisticated water management
Social Organization:
- Mit’a System: Labor tax for state projects
- Quipu: Knotted cord record-keeping system
- Ayllu: Community-based social structure
- Redistribution Economy: State collected and distributed resources
- No Written Language: Oral tradition and quipu
Religion and Culture:
- Inti Worship: Sun god primary deity
- Pachacuti: Creator god
- Pachamama: Earth mother goddess
- Royal Mummies: Preserved ancestor worship
- Human Sacrifice: Capacocha ceremonies (rare)
Major Inca Sites:
- Machu Picchu (royal estate)
- Cusco (capital, « navel of the world »)
- Sacsayhuamán (massive fortress above Cusco)
- Ollantaytambo (fortress, ceremonial center)
- Pisac (agricultural and military complex)
Spanish Conquest (1532-1572)
Francisco Pizarro’s Arrival (1532):
- Spanish conquistador landed on north coast
- Inca Empire weakened by civil war (Huáscar vs. Atahualpa)
- Smallpox had killed Huayna Cápac and decimated population
- Only 168 Spanish soldiers but superior weapons (horses, steel, firearms)
Capture of Atahualpa (November 16, 1532):
- Location: Cajamarca
- Pizarro invited Atahualpa to meeting
- Spanish ambushed and captured Inca emperor
- Ransom: Atahualpa filled room with gold, another with silver
- Spanish executed him anyway (July 1533)
Fall of Cusco (1533):
- Spanish captured Inca capital
- Installed puppet emperor Manco Inca
- Looted gold and silver from temples
- Began dismantling Inca state
Manco Inca’s Rebellion (1536):
- Manco Inca rebelled against Spanish
- Besieged Cusco (nearly retook city)
- Retreated to Vilcabamba (jungle fortress)
- Resistance continued until 1572
End of Inca Resistance (1572):
- Spanish captured Vilcabamba
- Executed last Inca emperor Túpac Amaru I
- End of independent Inca state
Colonial Period (1542-1821)
Viceroyalty of Peru (1542):
- Spanish established Viceroyalty of Peru
- Lima became capital (1535)
- One of two main Spanish administrative centers in Americas
- Covered most of Spanish South America initially
Colonial Economy:
- Silver Mining: Potosí (Bolivia) main source
- Encomienda System: Spanish received indigenous labor
- Mit’a Labor: Forced indigenous labor in mines
- Hacienda System: Large agricultural estates
- Trade Monopoly: All trade through Lima
Social Structure:
- Peninsulares: Spanish-born (top of hierarchy)
- Criollos: American-born Spanish descent
- Mestizos: Mixed Spanish-indigenous
- Indigenous Peoples: Bottom of hierarchy, heavily exploited
- African Slaves: Brought for coastal plantations
Cultural Changes:
- Catholicism: Forced conversion, replaced Inca religion
- Spanish Language: Imposed as official language
- Architecture: Colonial baroque style in cities
- Syncretism: Indigenous beliefs blended with Catholicism
Indigenous Resistance:
- Túpac Amaru II Rebellion (1780-1781): Largest indigenous uprising
- José Gabriel Condorcanqui (claimed Inca descent) led rebellion
- Nearly overthrew Spanish rule
- Brutally suppressed, Túpac Amaru II executed
- Inspired later independence movements
Independence Era (1821-1824)
Context:
- Napoleonic Wars weakened Spain
- Independence movements across Spanish America
- José de San Martín (Argentina) and Simón Bolívar (Venezuela) led liberation campaigns
Declaration of Independence (July 28, 1821):
- José de San Martín entered Lima
- Proclaimed Peruvian independence in Plaza Mayor
- First Flag: Created by San Martín (red-white-red)
- Most of country still under Spanish control
Final Liberation (1824):
- Simón Bolívar arrived to complete independence
- Battle of Junín (August 6, 1824): Bolívar’s victory
- Battle of Ayacucho (December 9, 1824): Decisive victory by Antonio José de Sucre
- Last Spanish forces defeated
- Peru fully independent
Republican Era (1824-Present)
Early Republic (1824-1879):
- Political instability, numerous coups
- Caudillo (military strongman) rule
- Guano boom (bird droppings fertilizer export)
- Economic growth but inequality
War of the Pacific (1879-1884):
- Peru and Bolivia vs. Chile
- Fought over nitrate-rich territories
- Peru lost war, ceded territory to Chile
- Economic devastation
- National trauma, shaped modern identity
20th Century:
- Continued political instability
- Military dictatorships alternating with democracy
- Economic challenges, hyperinflation (1980s-1990s)
- Internal conflict: Shining Path guerrilla war (1980-2000)
- Over 69,000 deaths during conflict
Modern Peru (2000-Present):
- Return to stable democracy
- Economic growth (mining, exports, tourism)
- Poverty reduction (significant progress)
- Political corruption scandals
- COVID-19 pandemic impact (2020-2021)
- Ongoing challenges: inequality, regional disparities
Recent Events:
- Political instability (2016-2023): Multiple presidents, impeachments
- Pedro Castillo impeachment (December 2022)
- Dina Boluarte became president (first female president)
- Protests and social unrest (2022-2023)
Peru Culture and People
Demographics
Population Distribution:
- Total: 33.7 million (2024)
- Lima Metropolitan Area: 10.7 million (32% of population)
- Urban: 79% (concentrated in coastal cities)
- Rural: 21% (mainly highlands and Amazon)
Ethnic Composition:
- Mestizo: 60% (mixed indigenous and European)
- Indigenous: 26% (Quechua, Aymara, Amazonian groups)
- White (European descent): 6%
- Afro-Peruvian: 3%
- Asian (Chinese, Japanese): 3%
- Other: 2%
Languages:
- Spanish: 84% (official language)
- Quechua: 13% (co-official, Inca language)
- Aymara: 2% (co-official, near Lake Titicaca)
- Amazonian Languages: 47 indigenous languages
- Immigration Languages: Chinese, Japanese, English
Religion
Religious Affiliation:
- Catholic: 76% (officially secular state but Catholic influence strong)
- Protestant/Evangelical: 14% (growing)
- Other: 5%
- Non-religious: 5%
Religious Culture:
- Syncretism: Catholic mixed with indigenous beliefs
- Festivals: Religious processions, celebrations
- Señor de los Milagros: Purple Christ (October, Lima’s largest festival)
- Qoyllur Rit’i: Indigenous pilgrimage to glacier
- Pachamama: Earth mother worship continues
Indigenous Cultures
Quechua People:
- Largest indigenous group (descendants of Incas)
- Primarily Andean highlands
- Quechua language spoken
- Traditional agriculture, textiles
- Strong community traditions (ayllu system)
Aymara People:
- Lake Titicaca region (Puno)
- Aymara language
- Famous for floating reed islands (Uros)
- Traditional boat building (totora reeds)
Amazonian Indigenous Groups:
- 51 ethnic groups in Amazon
- Shipibo-Conibo, Asháninka, Aguaruna (largest groups)
- Traditional subsistence hunting, fishing, farming
- Threatened by deforestation, development
- Cultural preservation efforts
Festivals and Celebrations
National Holidays:
Fiestas Patrias (July 28-29):
- Independence Day celebrations
- National pride, patriotic displays
- Military parades, festivals
- Peru flag everywhere
- Largest national celebration
Inti Raymi (June 24):
- Inca Festival of the Sun
- Celebrated in Cusco
- Recreation of Inca ceremony at Sacsayhuamán
- Thousands of performers, tourists
- Important cultural celebration
Señor de los Milagros (October):
- Purple Christ procession in Lima
- Largest religious festival
- Millions of participants
- Month-long celebrations
- Traditional food: Turrón de Doña Pepa
Qoyllur Rit’i (May-June):
- Indigenous pilgrimage to glacier
- Combines Catholic and Andean beliefs
- Thousands trek to ice field at 4,600m
- Spiritual, cultural significance
Carnaval (February-March):
- Pre-Lenten celebrations
- Water fights, parades, dancing
- Each region has unique traditions
- Cajamarca famous for carnival
Regional Festivals:
- Virgen de la Candelaria (Puno, February): Dance, music, parades
- Fiesta de la Cruz (May): Cross celebrations across highlands
- Corpus Christi (Cusco, June): Religious processions, traditional food
- Mistura (Lima, September): Gastronomy fair (largest in Latin America)
Arts and Crafts
Textiles:
- Traditional weaving (Quechua, Aymara communities)
- Alpaca and llama wool
- Natural dyes from plants, minerals
- Intricate patterns, symbolic designs
- Famous markets: Pisac, Chinchero, Cusco
Pottery and Ceramics:
- Pre-Columbian traditions continue
- Chulucanas pottery (Piura)
- Shipibo-Conibo geometric patterns
- Traditional vessel shapes
Music and Dance:
Traditional Music:
- Instruments: Pan flutes (zampoña), charango (small guitar), quena (flute)
- Huayno: Andean folk music
- Marinera: National dance (coastal)
- Festejo: Afro-Peruvian music, dance
Contemporary Music:
- Chicha (fusion of cumbia and huayno)
- Peruvian rock, pop
- Growing music scene in Lima
Peru Tourism: Top Attractions and Destinations
Must-Visit Destinations
1. Machu Picchu and Cusco Region
Machu Picchu:
- Description: 15th-century Inca citadel, New Seven Wonders
- Location: 2,430m altitude, near Aguas Calientes
- Significance: Most iconic Peru attraction, UNESCO World Heritage
- Visitors: 1.5 million annually
- Access: Train from Cusco/Ollantaytambo, or Inca Trail trek
- Time Needed: 1-2 days (including travel from Cusco)
- Highlights: Temple of Sun, Intihuatana Stone, agricultural terraces, mountain views
Read Complete Guide: Machu Picchu: Ultimate Travel Guide (internal link)
Cusco City:
- Description: Former Inca capital, colonial architecture
- Altitude: 3,400m (11,150 ft)
- UNESCO: World Heritage City
- Highlights:
- Plaza de Armas (main square)
- Qorikancha (Temple of the Sun, now Santo Domingo church)
- Sacsayhuamán fortress
- San Blas neighborhood (artisan quarter)
- Cusco Cathedral
- Local markets (San Pedro)
- Time Needed: 2-3 days
- Best Restaurants: Chicha, Cicciolina, Limo, MAP Café
Sacred Valley:
- Description: Urubamba Valley between Cusco and Machu Picchu
- Altitude: 2,800m (9,200 ft) – lower than Cusco
- Highlights:
- Ollantaytambo: Inca fortress, living Inca town
- Pisac: Sunday market, impressive ruins
- Moray: Circular agricultural terraces (Inca laboratory)
- Maras Salt Mines: Pre-Inca salt evaporation ponds
- Chinchero: Traditional weaving, colonial church
- Time Needed: 1-2 days
- Activities: Rafting, horseback riding, mountain biking
Inca Trail:
- Description: 43km trek to Machu Picchu through Andes
- Duration: 4 days, 3 nights camping
- Difficulty: Moderate-challenging
- Permits: Required, book 5-6 months ahead (limited to 500 daily)
- Season: Open March-January (closed February)
- Cost: $500-800 USD
- Alternative Treks: Salkantay (5 days), Lares (4 days)
2. Lima – Capital City
Overview:
- Population: 10.7 million (metropolitan area)
- Location: Pacific coast, sea level
- Climate: Mild, dry (rarely rains)
- Significance: Culinary capital of Latin America, colonial center
Neighborhoods:
Miraflores:
- Upscale district, tourist-friendly
- Cliffside parks overlooking Pacific
- Shopping, restaurants, nightlife
- Larcomar shopping center
- Kennedy Park
Barranco:
- Bohemian, artsy neighborhood
- Colonial architecture, street art
- Nightlife, bars, clubs
- Puente de los Suspiros (Bridge of Sighs)
- Art galleries, museums
Historic Center (Centro Histórico):
- UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Plaza Mayor (Plaza de Armas)
- Government Palace
- Lima Cathedral
- San Francisco Monastery (catacombs)
- Colonial mansions with balconies
San Isidro:
- Business district, upscale residential
- Fine dining restaurants
- Huaca Huallamarca (pre-Columbian pyramid)
- Parks and gardens
Highlights:
- Larco Museum: Pre-Columbian art, artifacts
- Gold Museum: Precious metal artifacts
- Magic Water Circuit: Fountain park (evening shows)
- Beaches: Costa Verde (surfing, paragliding)
- Gastronomy: World-class restaurants (Central, Maido, Astrid y Gastón)
Read Complete Guide: Peru Restaurants: Best Lima Dining (internal link)
Time Needed: 2-3 days
3. Arequipa – White City
Overview:
- Population: 1 million
- Location: Southern highlands, 2,335m altitude
- Nickname: « White City » (buildings made from white volcanic sillar stone)
- Climate: Sunny, dry, pleasant
Highlights:
- Plaza de Armas: One of Peru’s most beautiful main squares
- Santa Catalina Monastery: Colorful 16th-century convent (city within city)
- Volcanoes: El Misti, Chachani, Pichu Pichu (backdrop)
- Museums: Museo Santuarios Andinos (Juanita ice maiden mummy)
- Colonial Architecture: UNESCO World Heritage historic center
Colca Canyon:
- Location: 3.5 hours from Arequipa
- Depth: 3,270m (twice as deep as Grand Canyon)
- Highlights:
- Andean condor viewing (Cruz del Cóndor)
- Hot springs
- Traditional villages
- Trekking opportunities
- Time Needed: 2-3 days (from Arequipa)
Regional Cuisine:
- Rocoto relleno (stuffed spicy peppers)
- Chupe de camarones (shrimp chowder)
- Adobo arequipeño (pork stew)
- Picanterías (traditional restaurants)
Time Needed: 2-3 days (city) + 2 days (Colca Canyon)
4. Lake Titicaca (Puno)
Overview:
- Location: Southern highlands, Peru-Bolivia border
- Altitude: 3,812m (12,507 ft) – world’s highest navigable lake
- Size: 8,372 km² (3,232 sq mi)
- Significance: Sacred lake in Inca mythology, unique culture
Highlights:
Uros Floating Islands:
- Man-made islands of totora reeds
- Uros indigenous people
- Unique lifestyle on floating islands
- Day trips from Puno
Taquile Island:
- Traditional Quechua community
- UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (textiles)
- Men knit, women weave
- Homestays available
- Stunning lake views
Amantaní Island:
- Larger, less touristy than Taquile
- Overnight homestays common
- Traditional Pachamama and Pachatata temples
- Cultural immersion
Puno City:
- Gateway to Lake Titicaca
- Cold, high altitude
- Virgen de la Candelaria festival (February)
- Traditional markets
Time Needed: 2-3 days
5. Amazon Rainforest
Overview:
- 60% of Peru is Amazon rainforest
- Incredible biodiversity
- Multiple access points, lodges
Puerto Maldonado and Tambopata:
- Location: Southeastern Peru, near Bolivia border
- Access: 30-minute flight from Cusco
- Activities:
- Jungle lodges (eco-lodges)
- Macaw clay licks (hundreds of parrots)
- Sandoval Lake (giant otters)
- Canopy walks
- Night safaris
- Time Needed: 3-5 days
- Best For: Accessible Amazon experience
Iquitos and Pacaya-Samiria:
- Location: Northern Amazon, only accessible by air or river
- Largest City: Iquitos (largest city with no road access globally)
- Activities:
- Amazon River cruises (3-7 days)
- Pink river dolphins
- Remote jungle exploration
- Indigenous community visits
- Time Needed: 4-7 days
- Best For: Deep jungle immersion
Manu National Park:
- Location: Southeastern Peru
- Status: UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
- Significance: Most biodiverse place on Earth
- Access: Multi-day tours from Cusco
- Restricted: Some areas only for scientists
- Time Needed: 5-8 days
- Best For: Serious nature enthusiasts
Time Needed (Amazon): 3-7 days
6. Northern Peru
Trujillo:
- Description: Colonial city, north coast
- Highlights:
- Chan Chan (largest adobe city, UNESCO World Heritage)
- Huaca de la Luna and Huaca del Sol (Moche pyramids)
- Colonial architecture
- Marinera dance (traditional)
- Beach town Huanchaco (surfing, totora boats)
- Time Needed: 2 days
Chiclayo:
- Description: Northern coastal city
- Highlights:
- Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipán (Lord of Sipán tomb)
- Túcume pyramids
- Witches’ Market (traditional medicine, shamanism)
- Time Needed: 1-2 days
Cajamarca:
- Description: Andean city, northern highlands
- Significance: Where Atahualpa was captured (1532)
- Highlights:
- Ransom Room (Atahualpa’s imprisonment)
- Hot springs (Baños del Inca)
- Colonial architecture
- Dairy capital (cheese, manjar blanco)
- Time Needed: 2 days
Kuelap:
- Description: « Machu Picchu of the North »
- Civilization: Chachapoyas cloud forest culture
- Location: Remote cloud forest
- Access: Cable car from Nuevo Tingo
- Time Needed: 2-3 days (from Chachapoyas)
7. Southern Coast
Paracas National Reserve:
- Location: 3.5 hours south of Lima
- Highlights:
- Ballestas Islands (sea lions, penguins, seabirds – « Poor Man’s Galápagos »)
- Red Beach (mineral-rich sand)
- Desert landscapes meeting ocean
- Marine wildlife
- Time Needed: 1 day
Nazca Lines:
- Description: Mysterious ancient geoglyphs
- Age: 500 BCE – 500 CE (Nazca culture)
- Designs: Hummingbird, monkey, spider, condor, astronaut (70+ figures)
- Size: Up to 370 meters long
- Viewing: Small plane flights (30-45 minutes, $80-120 USD)
- Location: 7 hours south of Lima
- UNESCO: World Heritage Site
- Mystery: Purpose unknown (theories: astronomy, rituals, alien contact)
- Time Needed: 1 day (or stopover Lima-Arequipa)
Huacachina:
- Description: Desert oasis surrounded by massive sand dunes
- Location: Near Ica city
- Activities:
- Sandboarding
- Dune buggy rides
- Oasis swimming
- Sunset views
- Vibe: Small, backpacker-friendly
- Time Needed: 1-2 days
Islas Ballestas:
- Description: Rocky islands, marine reserve
- Wildlife: Sea lions, Humboldt penguins, pelicans, cormorants
- Access: Boat tours from Paracas (2 hours)
- Candelabra: Mysterious geoglyph on cliffside
- Time Needed: Half day
Peru Cuisine: World-Class Gastronomy
Overview: Peruvian cuisine is internationally recognized as one of world’s best, blending indigenous ingredients with Spanish, African, Chinese, Japanese, and Italian influences.
Recognition:
- Lima: World’s Leading Culinary Destination (multiple years)
- Central Restaurant: #1 World’s 50 Best Restaurants (2023)
- 7 Peruvian restaurants in World’s 50 Best
- Fusion cuisine pioneers (Chifa, Nikkei)
Key Ingredients:
- Aji Peppers: Aji amarillo, aji panca, rocoto (defining flavors)
- Potatoes: 4,000+ varieties (birthplace of potato)
- Quinoa: Ancient grain, superfood
- Corn: 55 native varieties
- Seafood: Pacific Ocean bounty (Humboldt Current)
- Unique Proteins: Cuy (guinea pig), alpaca
Signature Dishes
Ceviche:
- National dish
- Fresh raw fish « cooked » in lime juice
- Onions, ají peppers, cilantro
- Served with sweet potato, corn
- Lunch-only tradition (freshest fish)
Lomo Saltado:
- Chinese-Peruvian fusion (Chifa)
- Stir-fried beef with onions, tomatoes, fries
- Served over rice
- Perfect fusion representation
Aji de Gallina:
- Creamy chicken stew
- Aji amarillo sauce, bread, walnuts
- Served over rice with potatoes
- Comfort food classic
Anticuchos:
- Grilled beef heart skewers
- Marinated in aji panca, spices
- Street food favorite
- Pre-Columbian origins
Causa Limeña:
- Layered potato terrine
- Lime and aji amarillo seasoning
- Chicken, tuna, or avocado filling
- Cold appetizer
Pisco Sour:
- National cocktail
- Pisco (grape brandy), lime, egg white, Angostura bitters
- Debate with Chile over origin
- Perfect balance sweet-sour
Read Complete Guide: Peru Food: Complete Culinary Guide (internal link)
Best Restaurants
Lima Fine Dining:
- Central: #1 globally (altitude-based menu)
- Maido: #6 globally (Nikkei fusion)
- Astrid y Gastón: Pioneer of Peru gastronomy movement
- Kjolle: Pía León’s innovative cuisine
Traditional Cevicherías:
- La Mar: Most famous (Gastón Acurio)
- Punto Azul: Local favorite
- Pescados Capitales: Creative preparations
Budget Dining:
- Menú del día: $3-8 fixed lunch menu
- Street food: Anticuchos, tamales, picarones
- Markets: Authentic, cheap meals
Read Complete Guide: Peru Restaurants: Best Dining Experiences (internal link)
When to Visit Peru: Best Time and Seasons
Climate Overview
Peru has two main seasons, varying by region:
Dry Season (May-September):
- Best for: Highlands (Cusco, Machu Picchu), trekking
- Weather: Sunny days, cold nights in mountains
- Crowds: Peak tourism (June-August)
- Prices: Highest (accommodations, tours)
Rainy Season (October-April):
- Weather: Frequent rain in highlands, Amazon
- Advantages: Fewer crowds, lower prices, green landscapes
- Disadvantages: Trail conditions, possible site closures
- Note: Coast (Lima) rarely rains year-round
Best Months by Activity
Overall Best Months:
May and September:
- Ideal balance: Good weather, fewer crowds, moderate prices
- Shoulder season advantages
- Green landscapes from rainy season
- Excellent for all regions
June-August (Peak Season):
- Best weather: Guaranteed sunshine in highlands
- Busiest: Maximum crowds at Machu Picchu
- Most expensive: Book 4-6 months ahead
- Best for: Weather-priority travelers
Specific Activities:
Machu Picchu and Cusco:
- Best: May-September (dry season)
- Avoid: February (Inca Trail closed)
- Shoulder: April, October (good balance)
Amazon Rainforest:
- Dry Season (May-October): Easier trekking, less rain but still humid
- Rainy Season (November-April): Higher water levels (better wildlife viewing), more rain
- Best: June-August (drier, comfortable)
Coastal Regions (Lima, Paracas, Nazca):
- Year-round: Dry climate, minimal rain
- Summer (December-March): Warmer, beach weather
- Winter (June-August): Cooler, overcast (« garúa » fog)
Lake Titicaca:
- Best: May-September (dry, sunny)
- Cold: Year-round (high altitude)
- Rainy Season: November-March (avoid)
Festivals:
- Inti Raymi (June 24): Cusco sun festival
- Fiestas Patrias (July 28-29): Independence Day
- Señor de los Milagros (October): Lima’s largest festival
Month-by-Month Guide
January-February:
- Rainy season peak in highlands
- Beach season on coast
- February: Inca Trail closed
- Carnaval celebrations
March-April:
- Rainy season ending
- Easter celebrations
- Fewer crowds, lower prices
- Green, lush landscapes
May:
- Dry season begins
- Excellent overall choice
- Moderate crowds, prices
- Qoyllur Rit’i pilgrimage
June-August:
- Peak season
- Best weather (highlands)
- Most expensive
- Book far ahead
- Inti Raymi (June 24)
- Fiestas Patrias (July 28-29)
September:
- Best overall month
- Dry season ending
- Fewer crowds than June-August
- Mistura food festival (Lima)
- Great weather
October:
- Transition to rainy season
- Still good weather
- Fewer crowds
- Señor de los Milagros (Lima)
November-December:
- Rainy season begins
- Lowest prices
- Green landscapes
- Holiday crowds in December
Peru Travel Logistics and Planning
Getting to Peru
International Airports:
Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM) – Lima:
- Main international gateway (99% of visitors)
- Direct flights from:
- North America: New York, Miami, Los Angeles, Houston, Atlanta, Dallas
- South America: All major cities
- Europe: Madrid, Amsterdam, Paris
- Hub: LATAM Airlines (Peru’s main carrier)
Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport (CUZ) – Cusco:
- Some international flights (La Paz, Lima connections)
- Mainly domestic from Lima (1.5 hours)
Flight Times to Lima:
- New York: 8 hours
- Miami: 6 hours
- Los Angeles: 9 hours
- London: 12+ hours (via Madrid)
- Sydney: 20+ hours (multiple stops)
Visa Requirements
Visa-Free Entry (90 days): Countries whose citizens can enter Peru without visa for tourism:
- All European Union countries
- United States, Canada
- Australia, New Zealand
- Most South American countries
- Japan, South Korea
Requirements:
- Passport valid 6+ months
- Return ticket
- Proof of funds (rarely checked)
- Fill out Andean Immigration Card
Extensions:
- Can extend to 180 days total at immigration office
- Fee required
- Must show return ticket, funds
Work/Long-term:
- Requires visa from Peruvian consulate
Money and Budget
Currency:
- Peruvian Sol (PEN) – symbol: S/
- Exchange Rate: ~S/3.70 = $1 USD (2025, varies)
- US Dollars widely accepted (especially tourist areas)
ATMs:
- Widely available in cities
- Maximum withdrawal: ~S/700-1,000 ($200-270 USD)
- Fees: Bank fees + foreign transaction fees
- Best banks: BCP, Interbank, Scotiabank
Credit Cards:
- Accepted at hotels, restaurants, tour agencies
- Visa and Mastercard most common
- Small businesses: Cash only
- Notify bank before travel
Tipping:
- Restaurants: 10% standard (check if included)
- Guides: S/20-50 per day
- Drivers: S/10-20 per day
- Hotels: S/5-10 per bag
Daily Budget Estimates:
Budget Traveler:
- Accommodation: $10-25 (hostels, budget hotels)
- Food: $10-20 (markets, menú del día, street food)
- Transport: $5-15 (buses, collectivos)
- Activities: $10-30
- Total: $35-90 per day
Mid-Range Traveler:
- Accommodation: $40-80 (comfortable hotels)
- Food: $25-50 (mix restaurants)
- Transport: $20-50 (some flights, comfortable buses)
- Activities: $30-70
- Total: $115-250 per day
Luxury Traveler:
- Accommodation: $150-500+ (luxury hotels)
- Food: $70-150 (fine dining)
- Transport: $100-300 (domestic flights, private transfers)
- Activities: $100-300 (private tours, luxury experiences)
- Total: $420-1,250+ per day
Major Expense: Machu Picchu
- Train: $130-220 round-trip
- Entrance: $50-65
- Bus: $24 round-trip
- Accommodation: $30-200+ per night
- Total: $300-600+ (adds significantly to budget)
Transportation Within Peru
Domestic Flights:
- Airlines: LATAM, Avianca, Sky, Star Perú
- Main Routes: Lima-Cusco, Lima-Arequipa, Lima-Iquitos, Lima-Puerto Maldonado
- Cost: $60-200 one-way (book ahead for deals)
- Time Savings: Significant vs. bus
Buses:
- Quality Varies: From basic to luxury (Cruz del Sur, Movil Tours)
- Long Distances: Overnight buses common (Lima-Cusco: 20+ hours)
- Cost: $20-80 depending on distance, comfort
- Safety: Choose reputable companies
Trains:
- PeruRail, Inca Rail: Cusco-Machu Picchu route
- Limited routes (mainly tourist trains)
Local Transport:
- Taxis: Negotiate price before entering, or use apps (Uber in Lima, Cusco)
- Combis/Collectivos: Shared vans (cheap, crowded)
- Mototaxis: Tuk-tuks (small towns)
Accommodation
Hostels ($10-30):
- Dorms or private rooms
- Social atmosphere
- Common in tourist areas
- Book online: Hostelworld, Booking.com
Budget Hotels ($25-50):
- Basic private rooms
- Hot water (important in highlands!)
- Family-run often
Mid-Range Hotels ($50-120):
- Comfortable, reliable
- Good locations
- Breakfast included
- Book online for deals
Luxury Hotels ($150-500+):
- International chains and boutique hotels
- Spas, fine dining, amenities
- Belmond hotels (high-end, iconic)
Unique Stays:
- Amazon Lodges: Eco-lodges in rainforest
- Lake Titicaca Homestays: With local families
- Haciendas: Historic estates (Sacred Valley)
Health and Safety
Vaccinations:
- Routine: Up to date on standard vaccines
- Recommended:
- Hepatitis A (food/water)
- Typhoid (food/water)
- Yellow Fever (if visiting Amazon – required for some areas)
- Consult Doctor: 4-6 weeks before travel
Altitude Sickness:
- Risk Areas: Cusco (3,400m), Lake Titicaca (3,800m), high altitude treks
- Symptoms: Headache, nausea, fatigue, shortness of breath
- Prevention:
- Acclimatize gradually (spend 2-3 days in Cusco before Machu Picchu)
- Stay hydrated (3-4 liters daily)
- Avoid alcohol first 24-48 hours
- Coca tea (traditional remedy)
- Diamox (prescription medication)
- Severity: Most experience mild symptoms; serious cases rare
Food and Water Safety:
- Water: Bottled water only (don’t drink tap water)
- Ice: Avoid in questionable establishments
- Food: Eat at busy, reputable places
- Street Food: Generally safe if cooked fresh, busy vendor
- Ceviche: Only at lunch when fresh (avoid dinner ceviche)
Safety Tips:
- Petty Theft: Watch belongings in crowds, tourist areas
- Taxis: Use registered taxis or apps (Uber)
- Night: Stay in well-lit, populated areas
- Valuables: Keep passport, money secure (money belt, hotel safe)
- Scams: Be aware of common tourist scams
- Solo Travelers: Generally safe, take normal precautions
- Women Travelers: Safe overall, some machismo culture
Travel Insurance:
- Highly recommended
- Cover: Medical, evacuation, trip cancellation, theft
- Adventure activities: Check coverage for trekking, altitude
Language
Spanish Basics: Essential phrases for travelers:
- Hola – Hello
- Gracias – Thank you
- Por favor – Please
- ¿Cuánto cuesta? – How much does it cost?
- No hablo español – I don’t speak Spanish
- ¿Dónde está…? – Where is…?
- La cuenta, por favor – The check, please
- Ayuda – Help
- Baño – Bathroom
English:
- Widely spoken in tourist areas (Lima, Cusco, Machu Picchu)
- Limited in rural areas, small towns
- Tour guides speak English
- Learn basic Spanish phrases helpful
Indigenous Languages:
- Quechua, Aymara spoken in highlands
- Spanish is lingua franca
Internet and Communication
SIM Cards:
- Available at airport, phone stores
- Providers: Claro, Movistar, Entel
- Cost: ~S/10-30 ($3-8) for tourist plans
- Data packages: 1-10GB
WiFi:
- Available at hotels, restaurants, cafes
- Quality varies (slower in rural areas)
- Many accommodations include free WiFi
Apps to Download:
- WhatsApp: Main communication in Peru
- Google Maps: Offline maps
- Uber: Lima, Cusco (taxis)
- Google Translate: Offline Spanish
- XE Currency: Exchange rates
Packing Essentials
Layered Clothing:
- Temperature varies dramatically (desert, mountains, jungle)
- Lightweight, breathable layers
- Warm jacket (highlands cold at night)
- Rain jacket (especially rainy season)
Footwear:
- Comfortable walking shoes (cobblestones)
- Hiking boots (if trekking)
- Sandals
Sun Protection:
- High SPF sunscreen (UV intense at altitude)
- Sunglasses (UV protection)
- Hat
Altitude Aids:
- Coca candy/tea
- Diamox (if prescribed)
- Hydration system
Other:
- Daypack (small bag for daily use)
- Reusable water bottle
- Power adapter (Peru uses Type A & C plugs, 220V)
- First aid kit
- Toiletries (bring from home—expensive in Peru)
Peru Itinerary Suggestions
7-Day Peru Itinerary (Classic Highlights)
Day 1-2: Lima
- Arrive, explore historic center
- Barranco neighborhood
- Larco Museum
- Dinner at top restaurant (Central, Maido)
Day 3-4: Cusco
- Fly to Cusco
- Acclimatize (take it easy)
- Explore Plaza de Armas, Qorikancha
- Sacsayhuamán
Day 5: Sacred Valley
- Day trip: Pisac, Ollantaytambo
- Overnight in Ollantaytambo (acclimatization)
Day 6: Machu Picchu
- Morning train to Aguas Calientes
- Machu Picchu visit
- Return to Cusco evening
Day 7: Return
- Fly Lima, connect international flight
10-Day Peru Itinerary (Extended)
Days 1-2: Lima (as above)
Day 3: Paracas/Nazca
- Paracas (Ballestas Islands)
- Nazca Lines flight
- Overnight Nazca or Huacachina
Day 4: Arequipa
- Fly or bus to Arequipa
- Explore White City
Day 5: Colca Canyon
- Day trip or overnight
- Condor viewing
Day 6: Puno/Lake Titicaca
- Travel to Puno
- Lake Titicaca overview
Day 7: Lake Titicaca Islands
- Uros, Taquile islands
Day 8-9: Cusco/Sacred Valley
- Bus to Cusco (scenic route)
- Acclimatize, explore
Day 10: Machu Picchu
- Day trip Machu Picchu
- Return Lima
14-Day Peru Itinerary (Comprehensive)
Add to 10-day itinerary:
Extra Days:
- Amazon (3-4 days): Puerto Maldonado or Iquitos
- Inca Trail (4 days): Replace Machu Picchu day trip
- More time Cusco region: Rainbow Mountain, additional ruins
- Northern Peru: Trujillo, Chiclayo (Chan Chan, Sipán)
Peru FAQ: Common Questions About Peru
Is Peru safe for travelers?
Answer: Yes, Peru is generally safe for tourists who take normal precautions. The main tourist destinations (Lima, Cusco, Machu Picchu, Arequipa) have strong tourism police presence. Petty theft (pickpocketing, bag snatching) is the most common issue, particularly in crowded areas, buses, and tourist attractions. Use registered taxis or Uber, don’t flash valuables, keep important documents secure, and be aware of surroundings. Solo travelers, including women, visit Peru safely regularly. Avoid walking alone late at night in unfamiliar areas. The vast majority of tourists have incident-free trips. Political protests occasionally occur in Lima and major cities but rarely affect tourists directly. Overall, Peru is comparable to other South American countries in safety and safer than some popular destinations.
Do I need a visa to visit Peru?
Answer: Most international tourists do NOT need a visa for Peru. Citizens of the United States, Canada, European Union countries, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and most South American nations can enter Peru visa-free for tourism for up to 90 days. You only need a passport valid for at least 6 months from entry date. Upon arrival, immigration stamps your passport and may ask to see return ticket and proof of accommodation (rarely enforced). You’ll fill out an Andean Immigration Card. Extensions to 180 days total are possible at immigration offices. Business or work visas require advance application at Peruvian consulate. Check current requirements on Peru’s immigration website or your country’s foreign ministry site before travel, as policies occasionally change.
What is the best time of year to visit Peru?
Answer: The best time to visit Peru depends on your destinations and priorities. For Machu Picchu and the highlands (most popular route), May-September is the dry season with sunny weather, though June-August is peak season (crowded, expensive). May and September offer the ideal balance: good weather, fewer crowds, moderate prices. The rainy season (November-March) brings lower prices and fewer tourists but more rain in the highlands and potential trail closures. Lima and coastal regions have mild weather year-round (though overcast June-September). The Amazon can be visited year-round but is slightly drier June-October. Overall, September is often considered the single best month—end of dry season, fewer crowds than peak season, still excellent weather. For budget travelers, November-February offers significant savings despite rain risk.
How much does a trip to Peru cost?
Answer: Peru trip costs vary dramatically based on travel style. Budget travelers can manage $35-90 per day staying in hostels, eating menú del día lunches and street food, using buses, and doing free/cheap activities. Mid-range travelers spend $115-250 daily with comfortable hotels, mix of restaurants, some flights, and organized tours. Luxury travelers spend $400-1,250+ daily at top hotels with fine dining, private tours, and domestic flights. However, visiting Machu Picchu adds significant cost ($300-600+ for train, entrance, bus, accommodation in Aguas Calientes). A week-long Peru trip typically costs: Budget: $700-1,200, Mid-range: $1,500-2,500, Luxury: $4,000-8,000+. The most expensive items are Machu Picchu, domestic flights (vs. buses), Amazon lodges, and fine dining. Budget travelers can significantly reduce costs by taking buses, staying outside main tourist zones, and self-guiding.
Can you visit Machu Picchu without a guide?
Answer: Yes, you can visit Machu Picchu without a guide (self-guided), though 2024-2025 regulations list guides as « recommended. » Enforcement varies, and many visitors successfully enter without guides. However, hiring a guide is highly advisable, especially for first-time visitors. Machu Picchu has no informational signs, maps, or explanations anywhere in the site. Without a guide, you’re viewing impressive ruins without understanding their historical context, architectural significance, astronomical alignments, or cultural meaning. Guided tours (2-3 hours) cost $40-60 USD for groups or $100-200 USD for private guides and transform the experience by explaining Inca history, pointing out hidden details, and bringing stones to life through storytelling. For return visitors or those who research extensively beforehand, self-guided works, but most people find guides essential for meaningful visits.
What language is spoken in Peru?
Answer: Spanish is Peru’s primary official language, spoken by 84% of the population as first or second language. However, Peru recognizes Quechua and Aymara as co-official languages. Quechua, the language of the Inca Empire, is spoken by approximately 13% of Peruvians, primarily in highland regions. Aymara is spoken by about 2% near Lake Titicaca. Additionally, 47 indigenous languages are spoken in the Amazon rainforest by various ethnic groups. In tourist areas (Lima, Cusco, Machu Picchu, Arequipa), English is widely spoken at hotels, restaurants, tour agencies, and by guides. However, in rural areas, small towns, and local markets, Spanish is essential. Learning basic Spanish phrases greatly enhances travel experience and shows respect for local culture. Translation apps help but aren’t perfect. Consider Spanish lessons before travel or during trip.
Do I need vaccines to travel to Peru?
Answer: No vaccines are legally required to enter Peru for most travelers, but several are strongly recommended. Consult your doctor 4-6 weeks before departure. Recommended vaccines include: Routine vaccines (ensure up-to-date on measles, tetanus, etc.), Hepatitis A (transmitted through contaminated food/water, common risk), Typhoid (from contaminated food/water), and potentially Rabies (if extensive outdoor activities). Yellow Fever vaccine is required ONLY if visiting specific Amazon regions (Iquitos, Puerto Maldonado, Manu) and is recommended for all Amazon travel. Some countries require proof of Yellow Fever vaccination if arriving from Peru. Coastal Peru and highlands (Lima, Cusco, Machu Picchu) don’t require Yellow Fever. Malaria prophylaxis might be recommended for extended Amazon stays. Altitude sickness medication (Diamox) requires prescription. Bring basic first aid supplies and prescription medications in original containers. Travel insurance covering medical evacuation is essential.
What should I pack for Peru?
Answer: Pack layers for Peru’s diverse climates. Essential items: lightweight, breathable clothing that layers (Peru ranges from hot coastal desert to cold Andean peaks to humid Amazon jungle), warm jacket for highland evenings (Cusco gets cold at night), rain jacket (especially November-March rainy season), comfortable broken-in walking shoes for cobblestones and ruins, hiking boots if trekking, sun protection (high SPF sunscreen, sunglasses with UV protection, wide-brimmed hat—UV is intense at altitude), daypack under 40L (larger bags not allowed at Machu Picchu), reusable water bottle, passport (original required for Machu Picchu entry), printed tickets, power adapter (Type A & C plugs, 220V), altitude sickness remedies (Diamox if prescribed, coca candy), basic first aid kit, and toiletries (expensive in Peru). Don’t overpack—laundry services are cheap and widely available. Avoid valuable jewelry. Bring cash (ATMs available but not everywhere). Consider packing cubes for organization.
Can you drink tap water in Peru?
Answer: No, do NOT drink tap water anywhere in Peru, including Lima, Cusco, and Arequipa. Tap water is not safe for foreign visitors due to different bacterial flora and potential contamination. Only drink bottled water, available everywhere cheaply. Hotels and restaurants use bottled water for drinking. Ice in upscale establishments is generally safe (made from purified water) but avoid ice at street vendors and questionable establishments. Brush teeth with bottled water in budget accommodations. Consider bringing a water filter bottle (LifeStraw, Grayl) for refilling and reducing plastic waste. Hot beverages (coffee, tea) made with boiled water are safe. Fruits and vegetables washed in tap water should be peeled or avoided unless at reputable restaurants. Most travelers follow these precautions and have no issues. Traveler’s diarrhea is still possible from new bacterial exposure even with precautions—bring anti-diarrheal medication.
How many days do you need in Peru?
Answer: Minimum 7-10 days to see main highlights (Lima, Cusco, Machu Picchu, Sacred Valley). This allows proper acclimatization in Cusco (2-3 days essential before Machu Picchu), full Machu Picchu experience, and brief Lima visit. However, 2-3 weeks is ideal for more comprehensive Peru experience adding destinations like Arequipa, Colca Canyon, Lake Titicaca, Amazon rainforest, or northern archaeological sites. Four days minimum just for Inca Trail trek plus pre/post Cusco time. If extremely time-limited, 5 days covers Lima briefly plus Cusco and Machu Picchu day trip, though rushed. Consider that Peru is South America’s third-largest country with diverse regions requiring internal flights or long bus journeys between destinations. Distances are vast. Quality beats quantity—better to fully experience fewer places than rush through many. Budget extra days for altitude acclimatization (crucial) and potential weather/transportation delays (common in rainy season).
What currency does Peru use?
Answer: Peru’s official currency is the Peruvian Sol (PEN), symbol S/. Exchange rate fluctuates around S/3.60-3.80 = $1 USD (2025). US Dollars are widely accepted in tourist areas (hotels, restaurants, tour agencies), though you’ll often receive change in soles and possibly unfavorable exchange rates. Carry both dollars and soles. Get soles from ATMs (widely available in cities; maximum withdrawal typically S/700-1,000 or $200-270 USD) or exchange cash at casas de cambio (better rates than hotels). Credit cards (Visa, Mastercard) accepted at hotels, mid-range/upscale restaurants, and tour operators but many small businesses, markets, and street vendors only accept cash. Notify your bank before travel to avoid card blocks. Small bills essential (S/10, S/20 notes)—vendors often can’t break S/100 or S/200. Keep small change for taxis, tips, street vendors.
Do I need altitude sickness medication for Peru?
Answer: Whether you need altitude sickness medication depends on your itinerary and personal susceptibility. Cusco sits at 3,400m (11,150 ft), Lake Titicaca at 3,812m (12,507 ft), and some treks go higher, putting travelers at risk for altitude sickness (soroche). Symptoms include headache, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Good news: Machu Picchu itself is lower at 2,430m (7,970 ft), so many feel better there after Cusco acclimatization. Prevention strategies: arrive Cusco 2-3 days before Machu Picchu to acclimatize gradually, stay hydrated (3-4 liters daily), avoid alcohol first 48 hours, eat light meals, take it easy first day, drink coca tea (traditional remedy). Diamox (acetazolamide) prescription medication helps prevent/reduce symptoms—consult your doctor 4-6 weeks before travel. Most people experience mild symptoms (headache, fatigue) that resolve within 24-48 hours. Severe altitude sickness is rare but serious—descend immediately if symptoms worsen.
Is Peru expensive to visit?
Answer: Peru is moderately priced for South American travel—cheaper than Chile or Argentina but slightly more expensive than Bolivia or Ecuador. Budget travelers can manage $35-90 per day with hostels ($10-25), menú del día meals ($3-8), local buses, and free/cheap activities. Mid-range travelers spend $115-250 daily with comfortable accommodations ($50-80), mix of restaurants, some domestic flights, and organized tours. Peru becomes expensive primarily due to Machu Picchu, which adds $300-600+ to any trip (train $130-220, entrance $50-65, bus $24, Aguas Calientes accommodation $50-200). Domestic flights ($60-200) vs. long bus journeys, Amazon lodges ($150-500+ per night), and Lima fine dining ($100-250 per person) also increase costs. However, street food, local markets, public transport, and budget accommodations offer excellent value. With smart planning, Peru can be quite affordable. Avoid peak season (June-August) for 30-50% savings on hotels.
Can you visit Peru during rainy season?
Answer: Yes, absolutely—many travelers visit Peru during rainy season (November-March) despite weather challenges. Advantages include significantly lower prices (30-50% off accommodations and tours), far fewer crowds at Machu Picchu and popular sites, lush green landscapes (beautiful for photography), and mystical atmosphere with clouds and fog. Disadvantages: frequent rain in highlands and Amazon (though coast stays dry), muddy trails, possible landslides affecting transportation, Inca Trail closed in February for maintenance, and potential obscured views at Machu Picchu due to clouds. However, « rainy season » doesn’t mean constant rain—typically afternoon showers rather than all-day downpours. Morning visits to Machu Picchu often clear. Bring quality rain gear (jacket, waterproof backpack cover, quick-dry clothing). If budget-conscious and flexible about weather, rainy season offers great value. December and February are wettest months. November and March are transition periods with less rain.
How do I get from Lima to Cusco?
Answer: Two main options: fly or take bus. Flying is strongly recommended. Direct flights Lima to Cusco take 1 hour 20 minutes and cost $60-200 one-way depending on airline (LATAM, Avianca, Sky, Star Perú) and booking time. Book 2-4 weeks ahead for best prices. Multiple daily departures. Flying saves enormous time and energy compared to buses. Bus option: 20-24 hours over Andes Mountains through winding roads. Companies like Cruz del Sur, Movil Tours offer various comfort levels ($40-100). Overnight buses have reclining seats, meals, and bathrooms. However, the journey is exhausting, uncomfortable, and some travelers experience motion sickness on mountain roads. Additionally, arriving directly at high altitude (Cusco at 3,400m) by bus without gradual acclimatization can worsen altitude sickness. Flying gets you there quickly, well-rested, and better prepared for altitude acclimatization. The flight cost is worth it for time and comfort gained. Only consider bus if extremely budget-constrained and have ample time.